Flexible TWDM PON with Load Balancing and Power Saving

ABSTRACT

An apparatus comprising an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) comprising a plurality of AWG ports, a power splitter comprising a plurality of splitter ports, and a plurality of optical interleavers, each coupled to a respective AWG port and a respective splitter port, for directing incoming optical signals to one of the AWG and the power splitter.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/814,085 filed Apr. 19, 2013 by Ning Cheng et al. andentitled “Flexible TWDM PON with Load Balancing and Power Saving”, whichis incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

Rapid growth of internet traffic, driven by the proliferation of videoservices, continues to push broadband optical access networks for higherdata rates and better quality of services. A passive optical network(PON) is a system for providing network access over “the last mile.” Ina downstream direction, the PON may be a point-to-multi-point (P2MP)network comprising an optical line terminal (OLT) at a central office(CO), a plurality of optical network units (ONUs) at customer premises,and an optical distribution network (ODN) connecting the OLT and theONUs. PONs may also comprise remote nodes (RNs) located between the OLTsand the ONUs, for example, at the end of a road where multiple usersreside. In recent years, time division multiplexing (TDM) PONs andwavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PONs have been deployed in orderto increase bandwidth. In TDM PONs, each ONU may send and receive dataacross every available wavelength, but only at dedicated time intervals.In WDM PONs, each ONU may send and receive data in a continuous manner,but only at dedicated wavelengths. A hybrid PON combining TDM with WDMcan support higher capacity so that an increased number of users can beserved by a single OLT with sufficient bandwidth per user. In such atime and wavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) PON, a WDM PON may beoverlaid on top of a TDM PON. In other words, multiple wavelengths maybe multiplexed together to share a single feeder fiber, and eachwavelength may be shared by multiple users using TDM. However, TWDM PONspresent design and cost issues that need be addressed.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the disclosure includes an apparatus comprising anarrayed waveguide grating (AWG) comprising a plurality of AWG ports, apower splitter comprising a plurality of splitter ports, and a pluralityof optical interleavers, each coupled to a respective AWG port and arespective splitter port, for directing incoming optical signals to oneof the AWG and the power splitter.

In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method of opticalcommunication implemented by an OLT comprising a first set oftransceivers and a second set of transceivers, the method comprisingcommunicating with a first set of ONUs via a first ODN using the firstset of transceivers, communicating with a second set of ONUs via asecond ODN using the second set of transceivers, and tuning at least onetransceiver in the first set of transceivers such that the at least onetuned transceiver communicates with at least some of the second set ofONUs.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes, in a PON, anapparatus comprising an OLT comprising a plurality of transceivermodules configured to communicate with a plurality of sets of ONUs, eachset of ONUs communicated via a respective one of a plurality of ODNs,the plurality of transceiver modules comprising at least one TWDMtransceiver module, and an AWG comprising at least one AWG port, eachAWG port coupled to a respective TWDM transceiver module, wherein the atleast one TWDM transceiver module is configured to communicate with theplurality of sets of ONUs through the AWG.

These and other features will be more clearly understood from thefollowing detailed description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is nowmade to the following brief description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like referencenumerals represent like parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a PON.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a TWDM PONarchitecture.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of an architecture, which representspart of the TWDM PON architecture shown in FIG. 2.

FIGS. 4A-4D are schematic diagrams illustrating a pay-as-you-growdeployment according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4E is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of a TWDMPON architecture.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a load balancing schemeaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a power saving schemeaccording to an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 7A shows test results for thermal tuning of electroabsorptionmodulated lasers (EMLs) at OLT.

FIG. 7B shows test results for current tuning of distributed Braggreflector (DBR) lasers at ONUs.

FIGS. 8A-8D show measurement results for bit error rates (BER) whentesting transmission performance for downstream and upstream channelsusing the flexible TWDM PON disclosed herein.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of an opticalcommunication method.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a network element(NE) within a PON.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood at the outset that, although an illustrativeimplementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, thedisclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number oftechniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosureshould in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations,drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplarydesigns and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may bemodified within the scope of the appended claims along with their fullscope of equivalents.

There exist various PON protocols or standards, for example, includingasynchronous transfer mode PON (APON) and the broadband PON (BPON)defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) G.983 standard, GigabitPON (GPON) defined by the ITU-T G.984 standard, and Ethernet PON (EPON)defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.3ah standard. Currently, GPON and EP ON have been deployed worldwidefor broadband services, providing aggregated bandwidth up to 2.5Gigabits per second (Gb/s). To satisfy ever-increasing bandwidth demandsfrom end users, next generation 10 Gigabits (10 G) PON, sometimes knownas XG-PON or 10 G EPON, with aggregated bandwidth of 10 Gb/s have beenstandardized and are ready for large scale deployment. Beyond 10 G PONs,future generations of optical access technologies, such as WDM PON, TWDMPON, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) PON and OpticalCode Division Multiplexed (OCDM) PON, has been proposed and demonstratedwith aggregated bandwidth of 40 Gb/s or higher.

Among these technologies, TWDM PON has been selected by the Full ServiceAccess Network (FSAN) community as a primary broadband solution forfuture access networks. Such TWDM PON systems can provide 40 Gb/saggregated capacity with 1:64 splitting ratio and 40 kilometers (km)reach, meeting operators' requirements for future broadband services. Anew set of standards on TWDM PON is being released or expects to bereleased by ITU-T, paving the way for future large scale deployment.With multiple wavelengths and wavelength tunability, TWDM PON allowsenhanced network functionalities unavailable in previous generations ofpure TDM PONs. Incremental bandwidth upgrade and load balancing may b eachieved in TWDM PON systems using tunable transmitters on an OLT linecard. Energy efficient solutions in TWDM PONs have been demonstratedwith dynamic wavelength routing.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a flexible TWDM PON architecture toallow improvement of various implementations, such as pay-as-you-grow incapacity, load balancing among different ODNs, protection againtransceiver failure, and power saving at OLT. In an embodiment, a hybriddevice comprising a cyclic AWG, a power splitter, and a plurality ofoptical interleavers may be inserted between a central office (e.g., inan OLT) and ONUs. Based on wavelengths, the interleavers may directoptical signals to either an AWG port or a splitter port. Since opticalsignals entering an AWG port may be directed to one ODN, while opticalsignals entering a splitter port may be directed to multiple ODNs,wavelength tuning may allow a transceiver module, originally serving oneODN, to serve other ODNs as well. With mainly passive components added,the flexible TWDM PON system disclosed herein supports pay-as-you-growdeployment of OLT transceiver modules and smooth upgrade of theaggregated capacity in each ODN. Load balancing for improved networkperformance may be achieved in one ODN and among different ODNs withflexible lambda (λ) connections, e.g., to provide bandwidth wherever isneeded among multiple ODNs. Furthermore, selective OLT sleep or turn-offfor power saving may be supported with narrow wavelength tuning, e.g.,100 Gigahertz (GHz), in OLT transceivers. Hence, the flexible TWDM PONsystem exhibits enhanced functionalities and offers more flexibilitycompared to conventional PON systems. In addition, this flexible TWDMPON achieves power saving at OLT side and provides improved resilienceagainst OLT transceiver failures.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a PON 100. The PON 100comprises an OLT 110, a set of ONUs 120, and an ODN 130, which may becoupled to the OLT 110 and the ONUs 120. The PON 100 may be acommunications network that does not require any active components todistribute data between the OLT 110 and the ONUs 120. Instead, the PON100 may use the passive optical components in the ODN 130 to distributedata between the OLT 110 and the ONUs 120. In an embodiment, the PON 100may be a Next Generation Access (NGA) system, such as an XGPON, whichmay have a downstream bandwidth of about 10 Gb/s and an upstreambandwidth of at least about 2.5 Gb/s. Alternatively, the PON 100 may bean EPON, a 10 Gigabit EPON, an APON, a BPON, a GPON, a WDM PON, a TDMPON, or a TWDM PON, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the OLT 110 may be any device that is configured tocommunicate with the ONUs 120 and another network (not shown).Specifically, the OLT 110 may act as an intermediary between the othernetwork and the ONUs 120. For instance, the OLT 110 may forward datareceived from the network to the ONUs 120, and forward data receivedfrom the ONUs 120 onto the other network. Although the specificconfiguration of the OLT 110 may vary depending on the type of PON 100,in an embodiment, the OLT 110 may comprise a transmitter and a receiver.When the other network is using a network protocol, such as Ethernet orSynchronous Optical Networking/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SONET/SDH), that is different from the PON protocol used in the PON100, the OLT 110 may comprise a converter that converts the networkprotocol into the PON protocol. The OLT 110 converter may also convertthe PON protocol into the network protocol. The OLT 110 may be locatedat a central location, such as a central office, but may be located atother locations as well.

In an embodiment, the ODN 130 may be a data distribution system, whichmay comprise optical fiber cables, couplers, splitters, distributors,and/or other equipment. In an embodiment, the optical fiber cables,couplers, splitters, distributors, and/or other equipment may be passiveoptical components. Specifically, the optical fiber cables, couplers,splitters, distributors, and/or other equipment may be components thatdo not require any power to distribute data signals between the OLT 110and the ONUs 120. Alternatively, the ODN 130 may comprise one or aplurality of active components, such as optical amplifiers. The ODN 130may extend from the OLT 110 to the ONUs 120 in a branching configurationas shown in FIG. 1, but may be alternatively configured in any otherpoint-to-multi-point configuration.

In an embodiment, the ONUs 120 may be any devices that are configured tocommunicate with the OLT 110 and a customer or user (not shown).Specifically, the ONUs 120 may act as an intermediary between the OLT110 and the customer. For instance, the ONUs 120 may forward datareceived from the OLT 110 to the customer, and forward data receivedfrom the customer onto the OLT 110. Although the specific configurationof the ONUs 120 may vary depending on the type of PON 100, in anembodiment, the ONUs 120 may comprise an optical transmitter configuredto send optical signals to the OLT 110 and an optical receiverconfigured to receive optical signals from the OLT 110. Additionally,the ONUs 120 may comprise a converter that converts the optical signalinto electrical signals for the customer, such as signals in theEthernet or asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) protocol, and a secondtransmitter and/or receiver that may send and/or receive the electricalsignals to/from a customer device. In some embodiments, ONUs 120 andoptical network terminals (ONTs) are similar, and thus the terms areused interchangeably herein. The ONUs 120 may be typically located atdistributed locations, such as the customer premises, but may be locatedat other locations as well.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a TWDM PONarchitecture 200, which may have long-reach and/or large splitting. Forexample, the TWDM PON architecture 200 may have an increased maximumtransmission distance, e.g. greater than about 20 km. The TWDM PONarchitecture 200 may also have an increased splitting ratio, e.g.greater than about 1:64. Compared to a conventional TWDM PON, a hybriddevice 210 is inserted between one or more OLTs and a plurality of ODNs.In an embodiment, the device 210 comprises an AWG (e.g., a cyclic AWGwith 200 GHz channel spacing) and a power splitter coupled together,thus the device 210 is sometimes referred to as a hybrid AWG/splitter210. The architecture 200 may achieve 20 km or longer reach and 1:64splitting ratio with optical amplifiers in the CO. The TWDM PONarchitecture 200 may further comprise a plurality of OLT transceivermodules 220, 222, 224, and 226, which may be located in one OLT (e.g.,the OLT 110 in FIG. 1) or in different OLTs. Each transceiver module maycommunicate with the hybrid AWG/splitter 210. Each transceiver modulemay comprise one or more transceivers (TRx), which includes transmitter(Tx) and/or receiver (Rx). Each transceiver module may be implementedusing any suitable manner for downstream and upstream communications.

The TWDM PON architecture 200 may further comprise a plurality of ODNs230, 232, 234, and 236, which may be similar to the ODN 130. Each of theODNs 230, 232, 234, and 236 may be coupled to a set of ONUs. Forexample, a first set of ONUs including tunable ONUs 240 and 241 may becoupled to the ODN 230, while a second set of ONUs including tunableONUs 242 and 243 may be coupled to the ODN 232. Each ODN may comprise asplitter (e.g., a 1:64 splitter) and other suitable components (e.g.,fiber). For example, the ODNs 230, 232, 234, and 236 may comprise 1:64splitters 231, 233, 235, and 237, respectively as shown in FIG. 2.Depending on the application, the hybrid AWG/splitter 210 may sometimesbe considered part of an ODN, e.g., when the hybrid AWG/splitter 210 isdeployed at a remote node.

A set of ONUs may include any suitable number of tunable or fixed ONUs,and each ONU may be similar to an ONU 120. Each transceiver in atransceiver module may communicate with a set of ONUs via the hybridAWG/splitter 210 and via a respective ODN. For example, a transceiver inthe transceiver module 220 may communicate with the first set of tunableONUs 240 and 241. Although FIG. 2 shows four transceiver modules denotedas M1-M4, four ODNs denoted as ODN1-ODN4, and four sets of ONUs forillustrative purposes, one of ordinary skill in the art will understoodthat any other number of transceiver modules, ODNs, and ONUs may besimilarly used.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of an architecture 250, whichrepresents part of the TWDM PON architecture 200 shown in FIG. 2. Thearchitecture 250 comprises the hybrid AWG/splitter 210 and the pluralityof OLT transceiver modules 220, 222, 224, and 226. The hybridAWG/splitter 210 may reside in a central office or at a remote node. Inan embodiment, the hybrid AWG/splitter 210 may comprise a 4x4 cyclic AWG211, a 4x4 power splitter 212, and a plurality of optical interleavers213 and 214 arranged as shown in FIG. 3. The cyclic AWG 211 may comprisea plurality of AWG ports denoted as a1-a8 with multiple input ports andmultiple output ports, and the power splitter 212 may comprise aplurality of splitter ports denoted as s1-s8. The cyclic nature of theAWG 211 may allow it to repeat orders and can work in a predefinedchannel band with certain channel spacings. Each optical interleaver maycouple to a respective AWG port and a respective splitter port fordirecting incoming optical signals to either the AWG 211 or the powersplitter 212. In an embodiment, the AWG 211 and the power splitter 212may be configured to communicate with a plurality of sets of ONUs via aplurality of ODNs, wherein each set of ONUs is communicated via arespective ODN. Optical signals entering an input port (e.g., al) of theAWG 211 may be directed to one ODN, while optical signals entering aninput port of the power splitter 212 may be directed to two or more ofthe ODNs.

Take the transceiver module 220 as an example, transmitters (Tx1-Tx4)may be used for downstream communication and receivers (Rx1-Rx4) may beused for upstream communication. In the downstream direction, four EMLsmay transmit downstream signals at 10 Gb/s at four wavelengths denotedas λ₁ ^(d), λ₂ ^(d), λ₃ ^(d), and λ₄ ^(d). The wavelengths may have achannel spacing of 200 GHz. The EMLs may be tuned (e.g., thermally or byany other tuning method) by 100 GHz and emit at another wavelength setdenoted as λ₁ ^(d+), λ₂ ^(d+), λ₃ ^(d+) and λ₄ ^(d+). The wavelengthsmay be tuned in the same direction, either up or down.

A wavelength-independent combiner may be used to multiplex fourtransmitter wavelengths. Such a wavelength-independent combiner maycomprise a polarization beam combiner (PBC) and a 3 decibel (dB)coupler. Because interleavers 213 and 214 may be 100 GHz interleavers,the wavelength set {λ₁ ^(d), λ₂ ^(d), λ₃ ^(d) and λ₄ ^(d)} with channelspacing of 200 GHz may go through the cyclic AWG 211, and eachwavelength may be distributed to a different ODN (e.g., λ₁ ^(d) frommodule M1 may go to ODN1, λ₂ ^(d) from module M2 may go to ODN2, etc.).As the same wavelength from different modules may go to differentoutputs of the cyclic AWG 211, each ODN may get a unique wavelength set{λ₁ ^(d), λ₂ ^(d), λ₃ ^(d), and λ₄ ^(d)}. On the other hand, the tunedwavelength set {λ₁ ^(d+), λ₂ ^(d+), λ₃ ^(d+) and λ₄ ^(d+)} may passthrough the power splitter 212 and the wavelengths may be distributed toall four ODNs. Alternatively, the system may be designed such thatuntuned wavelength set {λ₁ ^(d+), λ₂ ^(d+), λ₃ ^(d+) and λ₄ ^(d)} goesthrough the power splitter 212, and tuned wavelength set {λ₁ ^(d+), λ₂^(d+), λ₃ ^(d+) and λ₄ ^(d+)} goes through the cyclic AWG 211.

In an embodiment, a transceiver module (M1) may transmit optical signalswith a first set of wavelengths that are directed by an opticalinterleaver 213 to the respective AWG port (al). M1 may also transmitoptical signals with a second set of wavelengths that are directed bythe same optical interleaver 213 to the respective splitter port (s1).The second set of wavelengths are shifted up or down with respect to thefirst set of wavelengths. For example, each wavelength in the first setof wavelengths and each wavelength in the second set of wavelengths maybe separated by a substantially equal channel spacing (e.g., about 200GHz). The second set of wavelengths are shifted with respect to thefirst set of wavelengths by half of the channel spacing (e.g., about 100GHz).

Similarly, in upstream transmissions, ONU wavelengths may need to betuned to two sets of wavelengths, first set being {λ₁ ^(u), λ₂ ^(u), λ₃^(u) and λ₄ ^(u)} and second set being {λ₁ ^(u+), λ₂ ^(u+), λ₃ ^(u+) andλ₄ ^(u+)}, where both sets of wavelengths may have a channel spacing of200 GHz and the second set of wavelengths may be shifted 100 GHz up/downwith respect to the first set. Wavelength set {λ₁ ^(u), λ₂ ^(u), λ₃^(u), and λ₄ ^(u)} may pass through the cyclic AWG 211 and the other set{λ₁ ^(u+), λ₂ ^(u+), λ₃ ^(u+), and λ_(y) ^(u+)} may pass through thepower splitter 212, or vice versa. In the receiver portion of the OLTtransceiver module 220, a demultiplexer (demux) may have a 200 GHzbandwidth, so one receiver may receive both λ^(u) , the originalwavelength, and λ^(u+), the shifted or tuned wavelength. A narrowlytuned filter inside a receiver optical subassembly (ROSA) may selecteither λ^(u) or λ^(u+).

Advantages of the architecture 250 may include pay-as-you-grow approachfor bandwidth evolution, load balancing, on-demand bandwidthprovisioning, power saving, and resilience against OLT transceiverfailure, which are further discussed below. TWDM PONs may be consideredas the future of optical access following 10 G PON systems and may needto be backward compatible with such legacy PONs. It may be desirablethat the transition from such legacy PONs to TWDM PONs be smooth andwithout service interruptions. The disclosed embodiments may supportpay-as-you-grow deployment of 40 G TWDM PONs.

FIGS. 4A-4D are schematic diagrams illustrating a pay-as-you-growdeployment according to an embodiment of the disclosure. For example,four 10 G PONs may have been deployed, although any other PON can beused. As the user bandwidth demand increases, upgrading to 40 G TWDMPONs may be needed. A straightforward approach would be deploying four40 G TWDM PONs on day one; however, such deployment may be initially toocostly and 40 Gb/s may be initially greater than bandwidth demand.Accordingly, capacity may be increased gradually from 10 Gb/s to 20Gb/s, then from 20 Gb/s to 30 Gb/s, and eventually to the full capacityof a 40 G TWDM PON.

Referring to FIG. 4A, as the user bandwidth increases, an OLTtransceiver module 420 for a TWDM PON may be activated. The transceivermodule 420 may be the same as or similar to the transceiver module 220.Suppose the transceiver module 420 has 40 Gb/s capacity. Fourwavelengths from the 40 Gb/s transceiver module 420, each with 10 Gb/s,may be separated by a 4×4 cyclic AWG (e.g., the AWG 211). The cyclic AWGis located inside the hybrid AWG/splitter 210, which may be deployed ina CO. Each wavelength may then serve a separate ODN. Combined with theoriginal 10 G PON system, the total capacity for each ODN may reach 20Gb/s.

Referring to FIG. 4B, as the user bandwidth increases further, a secondTWDM PON transceiver module 422 may be activated in the CO. Again, fourwavelengths from the transceiver module 422 may be separated by thecyclic AWG to serve four different ODNs. Suppose the transceiver module422 also has 40 Gb/s capacity, the total capacity of each ODN may thenincrease to 30 Gb/s. As shown in FIG. 4C, a third TWDM PON transceivermodule 424 may be activated in the CO. Again, four wavelengths from thetransceiver module 424 may be separated by the cyclic AWG to serve fourdifferent ODNs. If the transceiver module 424 also has 40 Gb/s capacity,the total capacity of each ODN may then increase to 40 Gb/s. Similarly,as shown in FIG. 4D, a fourth TWDM PON transceiver module 426 may begradually added to meet the increasing bandwidth demands. Eventually, atotal capacity of 50 Gb/s may be achieved with 40 G TWDM PONs plus theoriginal 10 G PON.

FIG. 4E is a schematic diagram illustrating a TWDM PON architecture 480according to an embodiment of the disclosure, which may be used forpay-as-you-grow deployment. Compared with other architectures, thearchitecture 480 includes an cyclic AWG 482 but does not need a powersplitter. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand, based onthis disclosure, that the 4×4 splitter and the interleavers in thehybrid AWG/splitter can be removed without affecting the pay-as-you-growdeployment.

In an embodiment, a manufacturer or service provider may implement anOLT and an AWG for pay-as-you-grow deployment. The AWG 482 may compriseat least one AWG port, each AWG port coupled to a respective TWDMtransceiver module. The OLT may comprise a plurality of transceivermodules, including M1-M4, configured to communicate with a plurality ofsets of ONUs, each set of ONUs communicated via a respective one of aplurality of ODNs. The plurality of transceiver modules may comprise atleast one TWDM transceiver module, which may be configured tocommunicate with all sets of ONUs through the AWG. Legacy PON modulethat is not TWDM based, such as 10 G PON, WDM PON, TDM PON, etc., mayalso be included in the OLT. Then at least one TWDM transceiver modulemay tune optical signal wavelengths of transceivers to communicate withall sets of ONUs through all ODNs, including ODNs coupled to the legacyPON modules.

In TWDM PONs, each ONU may be equipped with tunable transceivers, soload balancing is possible within a single ODN. For instance, if trafficload in a specific downstream/upstream wavelength pair is too heavy,then a certain number of ONUs using this wavelength pair may switch toanother pair with less traffic load. In the present disclosure, an ONUmay be equipped with a fast tunable DBR laser. Assuming that a 125microsecond (μs) upstream frame is adopted in the TWDM PON (the same canbe used in GPON/XG-PON), load balancing within the TWDM PON may beachieved burst-by-burst using the tunable DBR laser.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a load balancing scheme 500according to an embodiment of the disclosure. In addition to loadbalancing within a single ODN, the disclosed embodiments may allow loadbalancing among different ODNs. As shown in FIG. 2 above, suppose thatinitially a set of four wavelengths with 200 GHz spacing, λ₁ ^(d)(M1),λ₂ ^(d)(M4), λ₃ ^(d)(M3) and λ₄ ^(d)(M2), where M1, M2, M3 and M4represent which module the wavelength is from, may serve a first ODN(ODN1). Another set of four wavelengths, λ₁ ^(d)(M2), λ₂ ^(d)(M1), λ₃^(d)(M4) and λ₄ ^(d)(M3), may serve a second ODN (ODN2), and so on. Inother words, a first set of transceivers including TRx1 in M1, TRx4 inM2, TRx3 in M3, and TRx2 in M4 may communicate with a first set of ONUsvia the first ODN. A second set of transceivers including TRx1 in M2,TRx2 in M1, TRx3 in M4, and TRx2 in M3 may communicate with a second setof ONUs via the second ODN. Further, suppose that, for a specific periodof time, the traffic load in ODN1 is relatively low (e.g., data trafficbelow a certain pre-set or dynamic threshold, which can be any suitablevalue), and that a single wavelength is sufficient to serve the users inODN1 for a total capacity of 10 Gb/s. In this case, one wavelength,e.g., λ₁ ^(d)(M1), may serve ODN1 while other wavelengths in the OLT maybe set as idle or may serve other ODNs.

For example, ODN2 may have relatively heavy traffic (e.g., data trafficabove a certain pre-set or dynamic threshold, which can be any suitablevalue), and that a set of four wavelengths with a total capacity of 40Gb/s may not be enough to support the user bandwidth demand. In thiscase, the wavelengths including λ₂ ^(d)(M4), λ₃ ^(d)(M3), and λ₄^(d)(M2), which normally serve ODN1 but became idle because of the lowtraffic load in ODN1, may now be shifted by 100 GHz to λ₂ ^(d+)(M4), λ₃^(d+)(M3), and λ₄ ^(d+)(M2), as shown in FIG. 5. Thus, tuningtransceivers, including TRx4 in M2, TRx3 in M3, and TRx2 in M4, in thefirst set of transceivers allows the first set of transceivers tocommunicate with the second set of ONUs via the second ODN. Wavelengthshifting may be realized via thermal tuning or any other method. Aftertuning, the downstream wavelengths λ₂ ^(d+)(M4), λ₃ ^(d+)(M3), and λ₄^(d+)(M2) may pass through a power splitter (e.g., the splitter 212)instead of a cyclic AWG (e.g., the AWG 211) and thus reach ODN2. Inother words, the wavelengths λ₂ ^(d+)(M4), λ₃ ^(d+)(M3), and λ₄^(d+)(M2) may be used to serve users in ODN2. Tuning a transceiver maybe implemented by any suitable entity such as a processor, a hardwaretuner, or a software tuner. Tuning may cause optical signals, originallydirected to one of the AWG and the power splitter, to be redirected tothe other of the AWG and the power splitter. In some embodiments, forsimplicity the power splitter may be replaced by optical fibers.

Similarly, if load balancing is desirable in the upstream direction(e.g., for similar traffic conditions), ONUs in ODN2 with wavelengths ofλ₂ ^(u), λ₃ ^(u), and λ₄ ^(u) may be tuned to λ₂ ^(u+), λ₃ ^(u+) and λ₄^(u+), respectively, as shown in FIG. 5. The upstream wavelengths λ₂^(u+), λ₃ ^(u+), and λ₄ ^(u+) may also pass through a power splitter(e.g., the splitter 212) instead of a cyclic AWG (e.g., the AWG 211) andreach corresponding receivers at the OLT. Correspondingly, tunablefilter inside the RSOAs for Rx2 (M4), Rx3 (M3), and Rx4 (M2) may betuned to λ₂ ^(u+), λ₃ ^(u+), and λ₄ ^(u+). By doing so, three additionalwavelength pairs may be used to serve ODN2. Thus, the total capacity inODN2 may be increased from 40 Gb/s to 70 Gb/s.

In addition to load balancing, since tuning wavelength may allow atransceiver module to serve more than one ODN, the same technique may beused to provide resilience against transceiver failures at the OLT. If atransceiver or a transceiver module (take M2 as an example) fails, thewavelengths of OLT transceiver module M1 can be tuned from the originalwavelength set {λ₁ ^(d), λ₂ ^(d), λ₃ ^(d) and λ₄ ^(d)} to a shiftedwavelength set {λ₁ ^(d+), λ₂ ^(d+), λ₃ ^(d+) and λ₄ ^(d+)}, so thattransceiver module M1 can serve both ODN1 and ODN2 (and other ODNs ifnecessary). Therefore, OLT transceiver protection can be achieved in theflexible TWDM PON architectures. Furthermore, power saving at the OLTmay be demonstrated using EMLs with 100 GHz thermal tuning range. Thedisclosed embodiments may save power at the OLT and improve theresilience of the PON through power splitting instead of wavelengthrouting.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a power saving scheme 600according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Suppose that the trafficload is relatively low e.g., below a certain level, in one ODN or acrossmultiple ODNs, a portion of the transceivers may be shut off In anembodiment, all but one wavelength in an OLT is shutoff For example, thepower saving scheme 600 may turn off all transceivers in the secondtransceiver module M2 even though that the corresponding ODN (ODN2)still has some traffic. As shown in FIG. 6, a wavelength λ₁ ^(d+) fromthe transceiver module M1 may remain active. That wavelength may havebeen shifted by 100 GHz from the original wavelength, λ₁ ^(d)(M1), sothat λ₁ ^(d+) may pass through the power splitter and reach all theusers in the four ODNs. Similarly, in the upstream direction, ifnecessary all ONU transmitters may be tuned to wavelength λ₁ ^(u+) sothat the upstream wavelength from ODNs may pass through the powersplitter and reaches the receiver in the OLT transceiver module M1.

The power saving scheme 600 is advantageous over conventional powersaving techniques. As traffic load in an ODN decreases, an OLT in aconventional TWDM PON may reduce the number of activated wavelengths andshut off some of its transceivers. However, as long as there are anyactive users in the ODN, at least one wavelength in the OLT may need toremain active for that ODN. A conventional TWDM PON in a power savingmode may have four transceivers on to serve four different ODNs. Incomparison, the disclosed embodiments may allow one transceiver being onto serve all four ODNs, hence this proposed architecture may improvepower saving.

To demonstrate the feasibility of the disclosed flexible TWDM PON, anexperimental test bed is built with the architecture shown in FIG. 2.For downstream, four 10 Gb/s EMLs with wavelengths on ITU grid at1587.88, 1589.57, 1591.26, and 1592.95 nanometer (nm) are used at OLTside. These EMLs can be thermally tuned by 100 GHz to wavelengths at1588.73, 1590.41, 1592.10, and 1593.79 nm, respectively. At ONU side, athermally tuned optical filter is packaged inside ROSA to select one ofthe downstream wavelengths, and a three-section DBR laser with externalmodulation is used as the tunable transmitter for 10 Gb/s upstreamtransmission. The DBR laser wavelength can be tuned from 1530 to 1540nm. With these upstream and downstream wavelengths, the disclosed TWDMPON can coexist with all legacy PON systems.

FIG. 7A shows test results for thermal tuning of EMLs at OLT, and FIG.7B shows test results for current tuning of DBR lasers at ONUs. Twocurves in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B represent the received powers in twoadjacent channels (100 GHz spacing) when the wavelength of the EML (DBR)is switched from λ^(d) to λ^(d+) in the downstream direction and fromλ^(u) to λ^(u+) in the upstream direction, respectively. The tuningspeeds for EMLs and DBR lasers are about 80 milliseconds (ms) and 50nanoseconds (ns) respectively. Test results include the respond time ofthe driving circuit inside the transceivers. Since each wavelength pair(for downstream and upstream) in the TWDM PON may serve a small numberof users in a single ODN, the traffic could vary significantly within ashort period of time due to the nature of the self-similar traffic fromend users.

The 50 ns tuning speed of DBR laser is able to support fast loadbalancing within the same ODN for packet switching on a time scale of125 microseconds (μs) (e.g., GPON/XG-PON frame cycle). On the otherhand, the aggregated traffic load from an ODN may be the sum of trafficgenerated by a large number of end users (e.g. 64 users), so thevariation of the aggregated traffic in a single ODN may be slower andthe load balancing among different ODNs can be supported by the slowerlambda switching. Slow tuning speed of thermal tuned EML, e.g., on theorder of 100 ms, may provide the needed lambda flow among different ODNsin the flexible TWDM PON.

FIGS. 8A-8D show measurement results for bit error rates (BER) whentesting the transmission performance for 10 Gb/s downstream and upstreamchannels using the flexible TWDM PON disclosed herein. After 20 km ofstandard single mode fiber, receiver sensitivity is better than −28Decibel-milliwatts (dBm) (at BER=10⁻³) for downstream, as shown in FIG.8B. After 20 km of standard single mode fiber, receiver sensitivity isbetter than −36 dBm for upstream (at BER=10⁻⁴), as shown in FIG. 8D.Compared to the downstream back-to-back case shown in FIG. 8A and theupstream back-to-back case shown in FIG. 8C, the power penalty is lessthan 1 dB for both upstream and downstream transmissions. With a boosteramplifier at OLT, the transmitted power in each downstream channel maybe about 10 dBm. For upstream, the transmitted power from each ONU isabout 3 dBm. Hence, the power budget for downstream and upstream is morethan about 38 dB, enough to support about 20 km reach and about 1:64split after the hybrid AWG/splitter.

A flexible TWDM PON system is disclosed and demonstrated in anexperimental test bed with 40 Gb/s capacity. With passive componentsadded in ODNs, flexible TWDM PON system may allow pay-as-you-growdeployment at the OLT and smooth upgrade of the total capacity in eachODN. It supports dynamic bandwidth allocation within a single ODN aswell as among different ODNs. Moreover, protection against transceiverfailure and significant power saving can be achieved at OLT. Furtherdetails regarding disclosed embodiments are also present in an articleentitled “Flexible TWDM PON with Load Balancing and Power Saving” andpublished on Sep. 22, 2013 by Ning Cheng et al., and in an articleentitled “Flexible TWDM PON system with pluggable optical transceivermodules” and published on Jan. 24, 2014 by Ning Cheng et al. Botharticles are incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of an opticalcommunication method 900, which may be implemented by an OLT (e.g., theOLT 110), which may comprise a plurality of TWDM transceiver modulesincluding a first set of transceivers and a second set of transceivers.Each set of transceivers may be located in one or more transceivermodules. The OLT may be coupled to a hybrid AWG/splitter (e.g., thehybrid device 210). The method 900 may be executed for various purposessuch as a deployment known as pay-as-you-grow in capacity, loadbalancing among different ODNs, protection again transceiver failure,and power saving at OLT. In step 910, the method 900 may communicatewith a first set of ONUs via a first ODN using the first set oftransceivers. In step 920, the method 900 may communicate with a secondset of ONUs via a second ODN using the second set of transceivers.

In step 930, the method 900 may tune at least one transceiver in thefirst set of transceivers such that the at least one tuned transceivercommunicates with at least some of the second set of ONUs. In anembodiment, tuning at least one transceiver comprises shifting a firstset of wavelengths to a second set of wavelengths using thermal tuning.The second set of wavelengths may be shifted with respect to the firstset of wavelengths by half of the channel spacing (e.g., shifted about100 GHz, half of channel spacing of about 200 GHz). Refer back to FIG.5, which offers an example of the method 900. Corresponding to step 910,a first set of transceivers including TRx1 in M1, TRx4 in M2, TRx3 inM3, and TRx2 in M4 may communicate with a first set of ONUs via thefirst ODN. Corresponding to step 920, a second set of transceiversincluding TRx1 in M2, TRx2 in M1, TRx3 in M4, and TRx2 in M3 maycommunicate with a second set of ONUs via the second ODN. Correspondingto step 930, wavelength tuning may be performed on transceivers,including TRx4 in M2, TRx3 in M3, and TRx2 in M4, in the first set oftransceivers such that the first set of transceivers communicates withthe second set of ONUs via the second ODN.

It should be understood that FIG. 9 is for illustration purposes only,thus its steps can be realized or modified using various embodiments,and additional steps may be added whenever necessary. In an embodiment,communicating with the first set of ONUs in step 910 comprisestransmitting optical signals with a first wavelength (an exemplarywavelength in a set) and directing optical signals with the firstwavelength to an input port of a cyclic AWG. In this case, tuning the atleast one transceiver in step 930 comprises shifting the firstwavelength to a second wavelength such that the at least one transceivertransmits optical signals with the second wavelength to at least some ofthe second set of ONUs. Further, the method 900 may further directoptical signals with the second wavelength to an input port of a powersplitter by using an optical interleaver, and wherein optical signalsentering the power splitter are directed to both the first ODN and thesecond ODN.

In an embodiment for power saving, the method 900 may further determinethat data traffic in the first ODN is below a first threshold and thatdata traffic in the second ODN is above a second threshold. In thiscase, tuning the at least one transceiver for load balancing in step 930is based upon the data traffic in the first ODN being below the firstthreshold and the data traffic in the second ODN being above the secondthreshold.

In an embodiment for transceiver protection, the method 900 may furtherdetermine that one or more transceivers in the second set oftransceivers have failed. In this embodiment, tuning the at least onetransceiver in step 930 is based upon the determination of transceiverfailure.

In an embodiment for power saving, the method 900 may further turn offtransceivers in the second set of transceivers even though thecorresponding second ODN has data traffic. In this embodiment, tuningthe at least one transceiver in step 930 at least partially maintainsdata communication with the second set of ONUs via the second ODN.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an NE 300 within aPON, such as an OLT 110, ONU 120, transceiver modules 220-226, and/orONUs 240-243. The NE 300 may be suitable for implementing one or moreembodiments of systems, methods, and schemes disclosed herein, such asthe load balancing scheme 500, the power saving scheme 600, and themethod 900. The NE 300 may be configured to transmit and/or receive TWDMbased transmissions over a multi-mode fiber. NE 300 may be implementedin a single node or the functionality of NE 300 may be implemented in aplurality of nodes. One skilled in the art will recognize that the termNE encompasses a broad range of devices of which NE 300 is merely anexample. NE 300 is included for purposes of clarity of discussion, butis in no way meant to limit the application of the present disclosure toa particular NE embodiment or class of NE embodiments. At least some ofthe features/methods described in the disclosure may be implemented in anetwork apparatus or component such as an NE 300. For instance, thefeatures/methods in the disclosure may be implemented using hardware,firmware, and/or software installed to run on hardware. The NE 300 maybe any device that transports frames through a network, e.g., a switch,router, bridge, server, a client, etc. As shown in FIG. 10, the NE 300may comprise transceivers (Tx/Rx) 310, which may be transmitters,receivers, or combinations thereof A Tx/Rx 310 may be coupled to aplurality of downstream ports 320 (e.g. downstream interfaces) fortransmitting and/or receiving frames from other nodes and a Tx/Rx 310coupled to a plurality of upstream ports 350 (e.g. upstream interfaces)for transmitting and/or receiving frames from other nodes, respectively.A processor 330 may be coupled to the Tx/Rxs 310 to process the framesand/or determine which nodes to send frames to. The processor 330 maycomprise one or more multi-core processors and/or memory devices 332,which may function as data stores, buffers, etc. Processor 330 may beimplemented as a general processor or may be part of one or moreapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and/or digital signalprocessors (DSPs). Processor 330 may comprise a TWDM module 334, whichmay implement the methods discussed herein such as schedulingtransmission timeslots, when the NE 300 is an OLT, or initiatingtransmissions based on schedule data, when NE 300 is an ONU. In analternative embodiment, the TWDM module 334 may be implemented asinstructions stored in memory 332, which may be executed by processor330, or implemented in part in the processor 330 and in part in thememory 332. In another alternative embodiment, the TWDM module 334 maybe implemented on separate NEs. The downstream ports 320 and/or upstreamports 350 may contain electrical and/or optical transmitting and/orreceiving components.

It is understood that by programming and/or loading executableinstructions onto the NE 300, at least one of the processor 330, TWDMmodule 334, Tx/Rxs 310, memory 332, downstream ports 320, and/orupstream ports 350 are changed, transforming the NE 300 in part into aparticular machine or apparatus, e.g., a multi-core forwardingarchitecture, having the novel functionality taught by the presentdisclosure. It is fundamental to the electrical engineering and softwareengineering arts that functionality that can be implemented by loadingexecutable software into a computer can be converted to a hardwareimplementation by well-known design rules. Decisions betweenimplementing a concept in software versus hardware typically hinge onconsiderations of stability of the design and numbers of units to beproduced rather than any issues involved in translating from thesoftware domain to the hardware domain. Generally, a design that isstill subject to frequent change may be preferred to be implemented insoftware, because re-spinning a hardware implementation is moreexpensive than re-spinning a software design. Generally, a design thatis stable that will be produced in large volume may be preferred to beimplemented in hardware, for example in an ASIC, because for largeproduction runs the hardware implementation may be less expensive thanthe software implementation. Often a design may be developed and testedin a software form and later transformed, by well-known design rules, toan equivalent hardware implementation in an application specificintegrated circuit that hardwires the instructions of the software. Inthe same manner as a machine controlled by a new ASIC is a particularmachine or apparatus, likewise a computer that has been programmedand/or loaded with executable instructions may be viewed as a particularmachine or apparatus.

It should be understood that any processing of the present disclosuremay be implemented by causing a processor (e.g., a general purpose CPUinside a computer system) in a computer system (e.g., an OLT or an ONU)to execute a computer program. In this case, a computer program productcan be provided to a computer or a mobile device using any type ofnon-transitory computer readable media. The computer program product maybe stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium in the computeror the network device. Non-transitory computer readable media includeany type of tangible storage media. Examples of non-transitory computerreadable media include magnetic storage media (such as floppy disks,magnetic tapes, hard disk drives, etc.), optical magnetic storage media(e.g. magneto-optical disks), compact disc read-only memory (ROM)(CD-ROM), compact disc recordable (CD-R), compact disc rewritable(CD-R/W), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blu-ray (registered trademark)disc (BD), and semiconductor memories (such as mask ROM, programmableROM (PROM), erasable PROM), flash ROM, and random access memory (RAM)).The computer program product may also be provided to a computer or anetwork device using any type of transitory computer readable media.Examples of transitory computer readable media include electric signals,optical signals, and electromagnetic waves. Transitory computer readablemedia can provide the program to a computer via a wired communicationline (e.g. electric wires, and optical fibers) or a wirelesscommunication line.

At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations,and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of theembodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art arewithin the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that resultfrom combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of theembodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure. Wherenumerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such expressranges or limitations may be understood to include iterative ranges orlimitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated rangesor limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.;greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example,whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, R₁, and an upper limit,R_(u), is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specificallydisclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range arespecifically disclosed: R=R₁+k*(R_(u)-R₁), wherein k is a variableranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e.,k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 5 percent, . . . , 50percent, 51 percent, 52 percent, . . . , 95 percent, 96 percent, 97percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numericalrange defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is alsospecifically disclosed. The use of the term “about” means +/−10% of thesubsequent number, unless otherwise stated. Use of the term “optionally”with respect to any element of a claim means that the element isrequired, or alternatively, the element is not required, bothalternatives being within the scope of the claim. Use of broader termssuch as comprises, includes, and having may be understood to providesupport for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentiallyof, and comprised substantially of Accordingly, the scope of protectionis not limited by the description set out above but is defined by theclaims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subjectmatter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as furtherdisclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) ofthe present disclosure. The discussion of a reference in the disclosureis not an admission that it is prior art, especially any reference thathas a publication date after the priority date of this application. Thedisclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications citedin the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extentthat they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementaryto the disclosure.

While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure,it may be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might beembodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spiritor scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to beconsidered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is notto be limited to the details given herein. For example, the variouselements or components may be combined or integrated in another systemor certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described andillustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may becombined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, ormethods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled orcommunicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicatingthrough some interface, device, or intermediate component whetherelectrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes,substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in theart and may be made without departing from the spirit and scopedisclosed herein.

1. An apparatus comprising: an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)comprising a plurality of AWG ports; a power splitter comprising aplurality of splitter ports; and a plurality of optical interleavers,each coupled to a respective AWG port and a respective splitter port,for directing incoming optical signals to one of the AWG and the powersplitter.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the AWG and the powersplitter are configured to communicate with a plurality of sets ofoptical network units (ONUs) via a plurality of optical distributionnetworks (ODNs), wherein each set of ONUs is communicated via arespective ODN, wherein optical signals entering an AWG port aredirected to one ODN, and wherein optical signals entering a splitterport are directed to two or more of the ODNs. 3-9. (canceled)
 10. Amethod of optical communication implemented by an optical line terminal(OLT) comprising a first set of transceivers and a second set oftransceivers, the method comprising: communicating with a first set ofoptical network units (ONUs) via a first optical distribution network(ODN) using the first set of transceivers; communicating with a secondset of ONUs via a second ODN using the second set of transceivers; andtuning at least one transceiver in the first set of transceivers suchthat the at least one transceiver communicates with at least some of thesecond set of ONUs.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein communicatingwith the first set of ONUs comprises transmitting optical signals with afirst wavelength and directing optical signals with the first wavelengthto an input port of a cyclic arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), andwherein tuning the at least one transceiver comprises shifting the firstwavelength to a second wavelength such that the at least one transceivertransmits optical signals with the second wavelength to at least some ofthe second set of ONUs.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprisingdirecting optical signals with the second wavelength to an input port ofa power splitter by using an optical interleaver, and wherein opticalsignals entering the power splitter are directed to both the first ODNand the second ODN.
 13. The method of claim 10, further comprisingdetermining that data traffic in the first ODN is below a firstthreshold and that data traffic in the second ODN is above a secondthreshold, wherein tuning the at least one transceiver for loadbalancing is based upon the data traffic in the first ODN being belowthe first threshold and the data traffic in the second ODN being abovethe second threshold.
 14. The method of claim 10, further comprisingdetermining that one or more transceivers in the second set oftransceivers have failed, wherein tuning the at least one transceiver isbased upon the determination of transceiver failure.
 15. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising turning off transceivers in the second setof transceivers when the corresponding second ODN has data traffic,wherein tuning the at least one transceiver for power saving at leastpartially maintains data communication with the second set of ONUs viathe second ODN.
 16. The method of claim 10, tuning the at least onetransceiver comprises shifting a first set of wavelengths to a secondset of wavelengths using thermal tuning, wherein each wavelength in thefirst set of wavelengths and each wavelength in the second set ofwavelengths is separated by a substantially equal channel spacing, andwherein the second set of wavelengths are shifted with respect to thefirst set of wavelengths by half of the channel spacing.
 17. In apassive optical network (PON), an apparatus comprising: an optical lineterminal (OLT) comprising a plurality of transceiver modules configuredto communicate with a plurality of sets of optical network units (ONUs),each set of ONUs communicated via a respective one of a plurality ofoptical distribution networks (ODNs), the plurality of transceivermodules comprising at least one time and wavelength division multiplexed(TWDM) transceiver module; and an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)comprising at least one AWG port, each AWG port coupled to a respectiveTWDM transceiver module, wherein the at least one TWDM transceivermodule is configured to communicate with the plurality of sets of ONUsthrough the AWG.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the plurality oftransceiver modules further comprises at least one legacy PON modulethat is not TWDM based, and wherein the at least one TWDM transceivermodule is configured to tune optical signal wavelengths of transceiversto communicate with all sets of ONUs through all ODNs, including ODNscoupled to the legacy PON module.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, furthercomprising: a power splitter comprising at least one splitter port, eachsplitter port coupled to a respective TWDM transceiver module; and atleast one optical interleaver, each coupled to a respective TWDMtransceiver module, a respective AWG port, and a respective splitterport, for directing optical signals from the TWDM transceiver module toone of the AWG and the power splitter.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the at least one TWDM transceiver module, in communication withthe plurality of sets of ONUs, is configured to: communicate with afirst set of ONUs via a first ODN using a TWDM transceiver module; andtune at least one transceiver in the TWDM transceiver module such thatthe TWDM transceiver module communicates with at least a second set ofONUs via at least a second ODN, and wherein tuning the at least onetransceiver causes optical signals, originally directed to one of theAWG and the power splitter, to be redirected to the other of the AWG andthe power splitter.
 21. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the AWG is acyclic AWG, wherein the plurality of AWG ports comprises multiple inputports and multiple output ports, wherein the input ports are coupled tothe interleavers, and wherein the output ports are configured to coupleto the ODNs.
 22. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising an opticalline terminal (OLT), wherein the OLT comprises a plurality oftransceiver modules configured to communicate with a plurality of setsof optical network units (ONUs) via at least the optical interleavers,wherein the plurality of transceiver modules comprise one or moretransceiver modules, each configured to: transmit optical signals with afirst set of wavelengths that are directed by a first opticalinterleaver to the respective AWG port; and transmit optical signalswith a second set of wavelengths that are directed by the first opticalinterleaver to the respective splitter port, and wherein the second setof wavelengths are shifted with respect to the first set of wavelengths.23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein each wavelength in the first setof wavelengths and each wavelength in the second set of wavelengths isseparated by a substantially equal channel spacing, and wherein thesecond set of wavelengths are shifted with respect to the first set ofwavelengths by half of the channel spacing.
 24. The apparatus of claim22, wherein each of the one or more transceiver modules is a time andwavelength division multiplexed (TWDM) transceiver module configured tocommunicate with the plurality of sets of ONUs via the plurality ofODNs.
 25. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the OLT further comprisesone or more processors coupled to the plurality of transceiver modulesand configured to: determine that data traffic in a first ODN is below afirst threshold and that data traffic in a second ODN is above a secondthreshold; and based upon the determination of data traffic, instruct atransceiver module to be tuned in wavelength such that the transceivermodule, originally communicating with a first set of ONUs via the firstODN, communicates with at least some of a second set of ONUs via thesecond ODN.
 26. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the OLT is configuredto: determine that one or more transceivers in a second transceivermodule have failed; and upon the determination of transceiver failure,instruct a first transceiver module to be tuned in wavelength such thatthe first transceiver module, originally communicating with a first setof ONUs via a first ODN, communicates with at least some of a second setof ONUs via a second ODN.
 27. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the OLTis configured to turn off transceivers in a transceiver module when anODN corresponding to the transceiver module has data traffic, andwherein transmitting the optical signals with the second set ofwavelengths at least partially maintains data communication with the setof ONUs via the ODN corresponding to the transceiver module.
 28. Theapparatus of claim 27, wherein turning off transceivers leaves only oneof the plurality of transceiver modules on and all other transceivermodules off, and wherein the transceiver module remaining on isconfigured to communicate with the plurality of sets ONUs via theplurality of ODNs.